How does Buck's perception of human nature evolve through the story?

Throughout "The Call of the Wild," Buck's perception of human nature changes significantly as he experiences the vast spectrum of human behaviors. Initially, Buck's understanding of humans is relatively simplistic; he views them as providers of comfort and security in his early life on the Judge's estate. However, as he is thrust into the harsh realities of life in the Yukon, his interactions with various human characters reveal a darker side of human nature.

Buck encounters a range of individuals, from the caring John Thornton to the ruthless Hal, Charles, and Mercedes. Each of these encounters contributes to his growing realization of human cruelty and the inherent corruption that can arise from desperation and survival instincts. For instance, the callous treatment he faces from Hal and his companions starkly contrasts with John's kindness, leading Buck to understand that not all humans are benevolent.

This evolution in Buck's perception emphasizes the theme of survival and the inherent brutality of both nature and human society. As he witnesses and experiences betrayal, exploitation, and mistreatment, Buck becomes increasingly disillusioned. His journey serves as a commentary on the duality of human nature—capable of both kindness and cruelty—which shapes Buck's character as he learns to navigate a world where trust in humans becomes perilous. This